Parent Encouragement And Coaching of Happiness in Youth
Purpose
The goal of this mechanistic clinical trial is to examine whether parent-coaching aimed at increasing child positive affect will increase child neural response to reward. The main questions it aims to answer are: Aim 1. Characterize child neural reward response and its relation to maternal socialization of positive emotions at baseline in healthy young children. Aim 2. Evaluate how coaching-related changes in maternal socialization of positive emotion expression contribute to increases in child neural reward response over time. Aim 3. Examine how maternal socialization of positive emotion expression contributes to increases in child neural reward response in the moment. Participating mother-child dyads will be randomized to either 3 sessions of parent coaching of child positive affect or 3 sessions of a general parenting support intervention and neural response to reward and affective behavior will be examined pre and post intervention.
Conditions
- Depression
- Parent-Child Relations
Eligibility
- Eligible Ages
- Between 4 Years and 99 Years
- Eligible Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
for Mothers: - Birth mother (biologically female, any gender) - Providing regular care for participating child (i.e., at least 50% of time) - Elevated, clinically significant levels of depression (16 or higher on CES-D) - Aged 18+
Exclusion Criteria
for Mothers: - Lifetime history of a bipolar disorder - Lifetime history of a psychotic disorder Inclusion Criteria for Participating Child: -Aged 4-6 years Exclusion Criteria for Participating Child: - Lifetime history of a psychiatric illness - Lifetime history of neurodevelopmental disorder - Lifetime history of neurological disorder
Study Design
- Phase
- N/A
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel Assignment
- Primary Purpose
- Basic Science
- Masking
- Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
Arm Groups
| Arm | Description | Assigned Intervention |
|---|---|---|
|
Experimental Parent Coaching |
Parents will receive 3 sessions based on PCIT-ED aimed at increasing child positive affect. |
|
|
Active Comparator Active Control |
Parents will receive 3 sessions based on traditional PCIT providing more general parenting supporting, including basic psychoeducation and parenting skills. |
|
Recruiting Locations
More Details
- Status
- Recruiting
- Sponsor
- University of Pittsburgh
Detailed Description
Reward-related brain function is consistently linked to greater motivation, pleasure, and goal-directed behavior and lower risk for depression across the lifespan. Healthy neural reward response supports socioemotional development, particularly during early childhood as self-regulatory skills and child reward-related brain function are rapidly developing in the context of the caregiving environment. Maternal socialization of positive emotion is one important influence on early reward circuitry development. Mothers with depression are more likely to discourage (and less likely to encourage) child positive emotions compared to healthy mothers, which may contribute to early neural reward alterations in their children. Characterizing mechanisms of influence of maternal socialization on child neural reward response and positive emotion during early childhood is a critical window of opportunity when parents have a large influence on child socioemotional development. Importantly, maternal behavior is amenable to change by training parents on emotion coaching, and these maternal behavior changes may result in direct and immediate changes in child neural reward function. Thus, the overarching aim of this proposal is to use a mechanistic trial design to experimentally test the hypothesis that maternal encouragement of child positive emotion will lead to in-vivo increases in child neural reward response. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are uniquely suited to non-invasively assess in-vivo, fast-occurring changes in child reward response during parent-child interactions, including reward positivity (RewP), and the late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes. Toward this aim, the investigators will randomize 180 mothers with clinically significant depression symptoms and their 4- to 6-year-old children (50% female) to receive either 3 control sessions or 3 positive emotion coaching modules from the Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development (PCIT-ED, which trains mothers on how to encourage positive emotion in their young children. Children will complete reward tasks at pre- and post-coaching, while neural reward response is assessed via ERP (RewP and LPP) with their mothers present allowing for in-vivo assessment of maternal behavior. At both timepoints, the investigators will assess child neural reward response and mothers' self-reported maternal socialization behaviors. Understanding how disrupted neural reward responding develops in early childhood is critical for the promotion of child emotional wellness and can be directly used to develop preventive interventions tailored to young children at familial risk for depression.
